Is photobiomodulation better with red, green, blue or white light?
We have already seen the healing power of red light. Let's review what it can do. According to the latest research, red light passes through the skin into the tissues, even through the bones. It acts through nitric oxide (NO), probably by producing NO from nitrites by the enzyme CcO, which limits oxidation on the fourth mitochondrial complex CcO. This leads to a better distribution of oxygen throughout the tissue, resting oxidation improves, i.e. obtaining energy from food in the most efficient way through oxidative phosphorylation. But it's not a cure-all. This is because oxidation will not increase under load. Nitric oxide conserves oxygen and promotes the fermentation of glucose to lactate. Thus, energy in the form of ATP molecules is increased, but their origin is largely from glycolysis, not from oxidative phosphorylation. Let's try to find an even better solution, for example, we can look at what other colors of light or combinations of several colors do.
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| Different wavelengths (colors) of light activate different structures and processes. Here is the absorption of cytochrome c as a function of the wavelength of the light. The greater the absorption, the less volume of tissue is effectively irradiated because the effective depth of exposure is reduced. |
Red light 650 nm is proven to be effective, improving insulin resistance and overall energy in the form of ATP molecules. But it probably cannot return energy to the cells in the most efficient way, i.e. oxidation. In order to achieve more permanent results, we need to purify the enzymes of the electron transport chain from attached molecules that interfere with their function. I have already mentioned acetylation here several times, similarly, a molecule of nitric oxide also attaches to some enzymes. At a low concentration, it is reversible suppression of function, e.g. with CcO, but at high concentrations of NO, long-term suppression of function occurs, which in the case of CcO suppresses the combustion of all fuels, i.e. carbohydrates and fats, and creates a problem with the formation of various building materials of the cell. We suspect that there must be a mechanism that separates the NO molecules from the enzymes, specifically from CcO. Green, or even better, blue-violet light seems to be able to do this. Blue-violet light is the most effective, it increases not only resting oxidation but also maximum oxidation by approx. 30%. Green light is a little worse, but if we also consider permeability through tissues, blue-violet light is strongly attenuated in tissues, it only penetrates to a small depth. On the contrary, the green light is not dimmed as much, it can work deep enough and at the same time has enough energy to purify enzymes from NO.
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| Relative change in resting oxidation of succinate by rat liver mitochondria under laser illumination, in vitro (in a test tube). Violet 442 nm, green 532 nm and red 650 nm. |
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| Relative change in maximal oxidation of succinate by rat liver mitochondria under laser illumination, in vitro (in test tube). Violet 442 nm, green 532 nm and red 650 nm. |
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| The ratio of maximal and resting oxidation of succinate by rat liver mitochondria under laser illumination, in vitro (in a test tube). Violet 442 nm, green 532 nm and red 650 nm. |
Blue-violet light seems to be best for restoring oxidative phosphorylation, but it only penetrates to a shallow depth. Tissues strongly absorb and convert it by fluorescence into green light. Therefore, it makes more sense to be irradiated with a green laser of 532 nm, which penetrates to a sufficient depth and can also release the bond with NO. Today, semiconductor lasers with a power of tens of milliwatts are commonly available, which should be able to handle this task. I see great potential here for the solution of chronic inflammation and small tumors, which are related to the so-called aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect), i.e. the inability of cells to switch back to oxidative phosphorylation. Here, irradiation with a green laser could significantly help, perhaps even in combination with methylene blue. But the easiest way is to use pure white light from a powerful LED light source (not from a light bulb, which could burn you). White light contains red, green and blue-violet components, it is natural and in the end you just need to expose yourself to the morning or evening sun, when the atmosphere captures practically all ultraviolet rays. This is how our ancestors did it, but we sit hiding from the sun for fear that it will harm us, but it will not. Nature has thought it out well and balanced, nothing just should be overdone.
References:
Effects of laser and LED radiation on mitochondrial respiration in experimental endotoxic shock
Mathematical model of photobiomodulation on cytochrome c oxidase
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